Newton Horace Winchell (1939-1914) had a profound effect on the size and shape of geological surveys in the American midwest. His 1889 History of Geological Surveys in Minnesota provides a good synopsis of, and some important data about, the Minnesota survey.
This document outlines the history, legislation, and progress of geological and natural history surveys in Minnesota, primarily led by N.H. Winchell. The first efforts began in 1858, but financial constraints delayed systematic surveys until 1872, when a law was passed entrusting the University of Minnesota with conducting thorough geological and natural history surveys. The surveys aimed to study the state’s mineral resources, geological formations, flora, fauna, and climate, while also creating a museum and library for public and academic use.
The surveys identified key geological features, such as Lake Agassiz and iron ranges, and contributed to scientific knowledge through discoveries of fossils, minerals, and ecological data. Economic benefits included guiding industries, preventing misguided exploration, and promoting the use of local resources. The Salt Spring lands were allocated to fund the survey, saving them from exploitation.
Annual reports and bulletins documented findings, and the survey’s museum and library became valuable educational resources. Despite limited funding, the survey achieved significant scientific and economic outcomes, laying the groundwork for future research. The document also highlights the administrative structure, costs, and challenges faced during the survey’s execution.
Winchell’s (1889) History of Geological Surveys of Minnesota
Newton Horace Winchell (1939-1914). 1889. The History of Geological Surveys in Minnesota. Published by The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota (St Paul, MN: The Pioneer Press).
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